Copyright in Medical Communications
Industry Insights

CCC reached out to Kathryn Edwards, Editorial Specialist Lead, at UK-based Ashfield Health, for her perspective on this question.

Our best practice approach is to start by aligning closely with the client on how content will be used before any permissions are sought. Clearly define parameters such as format, channels, geography, audience, as well as agreeing to specific stipulations (e.g., adaptation rights or restrictions on reuse). We then secure licenses to reflect those agreed terms. If the license comes back with conditions that sit outside or go beyond what was initially agreed, we flag this to the client immediately so there is full transparency and an opportunity to course-correct before materials are deployed.

 In terms of sharing licenses, I find it’s not always necessary, or practical, to provide every individual license document. Instead, our focus is on translating the key terms into clear, usable guidance for the client and wider team. That said, transparency remains essential and our clients can always access the full license documentation if they want or need to review it.  Ultimately, strong license management is about building it into your workflow: agreeing to reuse parameters upfront, validating licenses against those parameters, maintaining clear records, and proactively guiding clients on compliant use. Taking ownership in this way not only reduces risk but also reinforces trust as clients can be confident that permissions are being managed rigorously and transparently on their behalf.

6 May 2026

Attention rightsholders, we want to better understand your current challenges and emerging needs as it relates to permissions and reprints requests and copyright questions from the medical communications community. Please click here to complete a brief, anonymous survey.  Your survey responses will shape future Industry Insights.

Thank you for subscribing and contributing to this vibrant community!

29 April 2026

Attention medical communications professionals, we want to better understand your current challenges and emerging needs. Please click here to complete a brief, anonymous survey.  Next week we will ask for similar feedback from rightsholders. We look forward to sharing the results of both surveys in future Industry Insights.

Thank you for subscribing and contributing to this vibrant community!

22 April 2026

Since launching over two years ago, this community has served as a vital forum for MedComms professionals and rightsholders. We want to thank each of our contributors for sharing your valuable insights on the reuse of published content in medical communications projects and how to navigate common copyright and compliance challenges. With each new post, your subject matter expertise helps this community manage copyright compliance and serve the healthcare communications needs of their organization and clients. Let’s keep the conversation going!  

To commemorate this 100th post, we want to share the three Industry Insight posts that garnered a lot of attention from our community: 

• It’s not clear to me if making minor changes, such as changing a color in a chart, requires that we check for permission. For example, when we don’t copy paste a table from a publication but rather recreate the table with color changes, do I need to check for permission? Click here to read how Elizabeth Jennings, Editorial Team Lead, Scientific Group, addressed this question on 30 July 2025. 

• Can we reproduce part of a figure or table without a permissions license? We don’t plan to use the entire graphic from the published article. Click here to read how Dean Martin, Senior Manager—Copyright and Permissions for UK-based Wiley, addressed this question on 19 November 2025. 

• If my client sponsors a publication, will they then own the copyright for that manuscript and be free to use the content, including figures in tables, in that publication for future medical communications projects without seeking permission from the author? Click here to read how Jackie Marchington, Head of Compliance and Ethics at UK-based Omnicom Health addressed this question on 28 January 2026. 

15 April 2026

CCC reached out to Patrice Graziano, Director, Reprints & Permissions, at US-based NEJM Group, for her thoughts on this question.

The reuse of previously published materials, regardless of the medium, typically requires permission from the rightsholder. The best practice is to contact the rightsholder any time material is used, whether it’s a screenshot that includes a figure or table, or the figure/table in any other format. Rightsholders are best positioned to guide you as to the appropriate next steps.

8 April 2026

Erin Callahan, Senior Director, Information Content and Solutions at CCC, shares her thoughts on this question below.  

A main principle of copyright is that the rightsholder of a work has the right to authorize or prohibit certain types of uses of their work. Therefore, each rightsholder determines their own policies and pricing rules for different reuse requests. Different circumstances and types of reuses require different permissions, and there are not many definitive rules. Many answers depend on rightsholder policies, legal department interpretations, and individual case circumstances.  

The rightsholder can set the conditions for how copyrighted content can be used in most cases and can decide how much the use will cost. Different uses of a work correspond to different rights and can have different impacts, which means the rightsholder can make different decisions based on the specific content requested and the reuse scenario.  

When your permission requests in CCC Marketplace or RightsLink for Permissions results in a “special request,” the details of your reuse request go to the rightsholder. CCC facilitates the communication between the buyer and the rightsholder, but it is the individual rightsholder who makes the licensing and pricing decision. 

1 April 2026

25 March 2026

Robert Gaggin, Senior Product Marketing Manager in the Information & Content Solutions team at CCC, provides his thoughts on this question.

From within your article search results in CCC Marketplace, you can request permission to reuse the content and/or order bulk reprints and ePrints, as well as purchase single copies of full-text articles and book excerpts for millions of works from thousands of publishers and societies. Below are some tips to help you determine whether you should select the “Request Reprints/ePrints” or “Request Single Copy” option.

When you need a single copy of an article for your own use, your best bet is to select the “Request Single Copy” option. Document delivery in CCC Marketplace enables you to purchase a single published full-text article or book excerpt in digital format for your own personal use, including research, medical communications projects, new articles, books, these, and other types of published materials, as well as external and internal communications.

However, the “Request Reprints/ePrints” option is most appropriate when you are working on a project that requires 100 or more copies of the article for distribution. Commercial reprints are professionally printed copies of published journal articles, unbundled from the original publication, and include the publication’s masthead. Article reprints are an efficient way to get vital scientific literature into the hands of healthcare professionals, educate the market about a company’s products or services, and support sales and marketing efforts. Reprints can be customized with a cover page, codes, disclaimers and logos and can be shrink-wrapped and shipped to conferences and global destinations.

An ePrint is a digital version of the article; mobile-ready, and can be posted to a company website, easily distributed by e-mail or social media campaigns. ePrints often come with a limited number of views set by the publisher.

Visit CCC Marketplace now.

18 March 2026

Leslie Lansman, Head of Permissions and Licensing for UK-based Springer Nature, shares her perspective on this question below.

Open Access (OA) is an umbrella term that covers a range of permissions for reusing published content. These permissions are often defined by Creative Commons (CC) licenses, including the following most common licenses:

• CCBY: Allows reuse for both commercial and non-commercial purposes, including adapting work (or portions) into new publications.
• CCBY-NC-ND: Does not allow the work to be used for commercial purposes, modified nor turned into new works.
• CCBY-NC: Allows the work to be adapted into new publications for non-commercial purposes. 

For more information about Creative Commons licensing, please visit https://creativecommons.org/.

When reusing OA publications, be mindful of the inclusion of any third-party content, such as images, chats, or excerpts from other works. These materials may not be covered by the overall CC license. You may need to seek additional permission from the copyright holder if you intend to reuse such content.

OA content is protected by copyright and regardless of the CC license type, you must give proper credit to the original publication, and you must reference the specific CC license under which the original work was published. These safeguards help ensure that the original source is identified, and that readers understand what they can and cannot do with OA material, and how OA licenses strike a balance between promoting access while protecting the value of the published work.

11 March 2026

CCC reached out to Elizabeth Jennings, Editorial Team Lead, Scientific Group, for her perspective. 

This question covers three aspects: perception around internet material, commercial vs. non-commercial (eg, educational use), and due diligence around author recognition. The internet is vast and can be a misleading space! A common myth is that anything published on the internet, or on social media, is freely available to use. However, web pages often have copyright terms and conditions that users must follow, which you need to read closely to ensure your intended use does not breach these terms of use. As to the nature of the presentation, although the subject matter expert may view the presentation as an education resource only, it may be considered by a copyright owner as a ‘commercial’ reuse if the session is sponsored by a pharmaceutical or other commercial entity. The copyright owner will determine how to price and license the reuse. See the February 11, 2026, Industry Insight by Leslie Lansman, Head of Permissions and Licensing at UK-based Springer Nature, for more information on this topic.

Lastly, it’s important to remember that copyright aims to protect content creators and to provide these creators with due recognition. Keep in mind that using screenshots without citing the authors and the source could be seen as disrespectful, unethical, and most often unlawful. We have a responsibility in MedComms to follow guidelines and regulations and follow best practice.

4 March 2026

CCC reached out to Erin Callahan, Senior Director, Information and Content Solutions, for her perspective on this question.

When requesting permission to reuse content in a MedComms project, the questions presented to the buyer are standardized across rightsholders in both Marketplace and RightsLink for Permissions. Rightsholders and MedComm professionals worked with CCC to develop these questions to ensure consistency and efficiency across channels and projects.

However, for other types of permission requests, the questions presented to the buyer can vary. In RightsLink for Permissions, rightsholders can customize the questions/drop down menus presented to buyers. Rightsholders are free to determine what information they collect to determine whether to grant a permissions request and the cost of that permission. In CCC Marketplace, the questions/dropdown menus are standardized so that buyers are asked the same questions for each permissions request regardless of the rightsholder.

25 February 2026

Erin Callahan, Senior Director, Information & Content Solutions at CCC, provides her perspective on this reader question below.

One of the core principles of copyright is that different uses of a work correspond to different rights. The different reuses have different impacts, which means the rightsholder may make different decisions based on the specific permission requested. The type of use, duration, sharing method and audience size are all factors that will affect the type of permission required. The permission that was, hypothetically, granted to reuse the chart in one presentation does not grant additional permissions to reuse that article in a second presentation, mailing or any other additional type of reuse.

18 February 2026

CCC turned to Leslie Lansman, Head of Permissions and Licensing at UK-based Springer Nature, for her thoughts on this question.

It is my view that “non‑promotional” and “educational” activities are not equivalent activities, even though they are often conflated. Terms such as non‑promotional, educational, non‑commercial, and non‑profit are frequently used interchangeably, but they describe separate and distinct concepts. To make matters more complex, their meaning often depends on context, and different professional communities (i.e., compliance, marketing, copyright, academia) may apply their own interpretations.

 From a copyright perspective, these distinctions matter. At one end of the copyright spectrum are uses that are clearly educational and non‑profit, with these words regularly going hand in hand. For example, content used while teaching a class within a formal educational institution where there is no commercial purpose or advantage. At the other end of the spectrum are commercial uses, where the key question we ask is whether the activity provides any direct or indirect commercial advantage. This assessment goes well beyond immediate monetary gain and may include reputational benefit, advertising, publicity, or other non‑quantifiable or long‑term commercial boosts.

 This is why “non‑promotional activity” frequently causes confusion. In a medical compliance or regulatory sense, non‑promotional simply means that specific rules governing product promotion are not triggered. This does not mean non‑commercial. An activity may fully comply with promotional restrictions and still deliver indirect commercial value, for example through reputation building, brand positioning, goodwill, advertising, publicity, or long‑term market influence. In other words, an event can be non‑promotional in a regulatory sense while still serving a commercial objective in copyright terms.

 For instance, a disease‑state meeting may be approved internally as non‑promotional, feature independent speakers, and avoid product references entirely. From a compliance standpoint, this may be entirely appropriate. From a copyright standpoint, the analysis differs, we ask whether the event sits within a wider commercial strategy and delivers indirect commercial value. If it does, in my view, the use of third‑party content may still require commercial licensing. Similarly, the fact that an event is free to attend does not make it educational in copyright terms. Free events can be commercial if they support brand perception, unique value propositions, or other business goals.

 Understanding when uses are commercial is essential. Treating “non‑promotional” as synonymous with “educational” risks over‑simplifying copyright analysis and can lead to incorrect assumptions about what uses require permission and what type of permission you should be seeking when permission is required.

11 February 2026

Robert Gaggin, Senior Product Marketing Manager at CCC, shares his thoughts below.  

There are a range of options for managing copyright compliance when reusing previously published content. Collective licensing solutions, such as CCC’s Annual Copyright License (ACL), provide a consistent set of reuse rights that cover internal, collaborative uses of content that complement subscriptions and purchases, such as forwarding a copy to a colleague via email or storing a copy in a collaboration tool, with a limited set of external uses (e.g., regulatory filings, etc.). Transactional or “pay-per-use” licenses, which are available through CCC’s Marketplace and RightsLink for Permissions, enable medical affairs teams to obtain permissions for external uses such as in medical communications projects. Examples of these projects include permissions to reuse figures, tables, and charts from scientific articles, often from multiple publishers, in a congress presentation or on a website. Click here for more information on copyright-compliant solutions for medical affairs teams from CCC. 

4 February 2026

CCC reached out to Jackie Marchington, Head of Compliance and Ethics at UK-based Omnicom Health, for her perspective on this question.

In my experience, it is likely not the case that the client who sponsored the publication would own the copyright. Copyright is a creator right. In other words, the author of the manuscript is the copyright owner. The client/company may acquire a copyright stake if their employee authored the manuscript since employers typically hold copyright on work created by employees during the course of their employment. With all that said, copyright is often transferred from the author to the publisher as part of the journal article acceptance process. The author (or authorized signatory from the company, if there is a company author) signs a copyright transfer agreement that assigns the copyright to the publisher of the content. I’ve found that even content published under a Creative Commons (CC) license, particularly if the license includes the non-commercial (NC) or no derivatives (ND) clause, journals often require a publishing agreement, alongside the CC license, that transfers economic and other rights in the manuscript to the publisher. On that basis, the sponsoring company will need permission from the publisher for any future use of the published material.

28 January 2026

We reached out to Aaron Reid, Senior Product Manager for Marketplace and RightsLink Permissions at CCC, for his thoughts on this question. 

You have the option for creating an “organizational” or corporate account on Marketplace that will provide you with visibility into current and past projects managed by you and your team. As administrator of the account, you can add your colleagues as users within Marketplace, enabling them to purchase permissions on behalf of the organization.

Once you add a user to the account, by entering their first name, last name, and email address, the new user will get notified via email that they have been added to the organization and will be prompted to create a password. A corporate account will enable you to run reports to include all orders placed by added users. For additional guidance, visit the Marketplace Resource Center.  

21 January 2026

CCC reached out to Jackie Marchington, Head of Compliance and Ethics at UK-based Omnicom Health, for her perspective on this question.

For material published in journals, the process is fairly straightforward as most major publishers partner with CCC for rights management through RightsLink for Permissions and/or CCC Marketplace. Generally, our teams get a quick price or a quote via CCC’s platform, gain approval from the client for the cost, then proceed to acquire the licence. The licence terms are specific to each permission, and each permission is unique to the request, so make sure you ask for the right thing. For example, permission for use in a slide deck does not grant the right to use material on a website or other deliverable. I’ve found that for material not available through the CCC, the process of tracking down the copyright holder can be more complicated. 

14 January 2026

Chloe Olore, Education Specialist at CCC, provides her perspective on this question below.

Trademark law can protect logos and designs if customers associate them with a company or its goods or services. Interestingly, logos can also be protected by copyright if the design is sufficiently creative. Note, however, that copyright protection for logos is not nearly as common as trademark protection because most logos consist of a name and a typeface, simple geometric shape, or simple color combinations. While trademark law will protect those things if people associate them with a company or its products or services, copyright law doesn’t protect short words and phrases, simple color combinations, geometric shapes, or typefaces. If consumers associate the logo with the brand, trademark law comes into play. If the logo is also sufficiently creative, copyright law can protect it. These are two different laws and standards, so not all logos are protected by copyright.

7 January 2026

CCC turned to Elizabeth Jennings, Editorial Team Lead at UK-based remedica, for her perspective on this question.

The answer to this question depends on many factors including, what is the content you wish to share, how you wish to share that content, and whether your organization may already have licenses in place that allow for your specific use case.  If you are unsure about what licenses your organization may already have in place, if they cover your use case, or have other questions specific to your use, reach out to your organization’s copyright expert or legal team for more information.  If you need to acquire additional permission, you can contact the rightsholder directly or employ CCC’s Marketplace to request pay-per-use permission to share the copyrighted content.

17 December 2025

Beth Johnson, Director, Corporate Solutions at CCC shares her perspective on this question below.

The Annual Copyright License from CCC is an enterprise-wide, single source, global licensing solution that empowers companies to efficiently collaborate using published content and authorizes the internal-only use of lawfully acquired content with artificial intelligence (AI) systems.

The License allows all of your organization’s covered employees, regardless of their location, to reuse copyrighted content in the CCC repertory for common types of collaboration, such as storing a copy of an article in a collaboration tool for use in a team project, using a portion of a work in an internal presentation, or handing out copies of an article about the company at your Board of Directors meeting. The license also allows customers to upload lawfully acquired content to an internal AI tool for natural language processing tasks such as analysis and summarization, tagging and enrichment, and text mining.

10 December 2025

Dean Martin, Senior Manager – Copyright & Permissions at UK-based Wiley, provides his perspective on this question below.

Yes, internal use requires the same permissions as external use – this is one of the most persistent misconceptions in copyright licensing. Copyright law makes no distinction between internal and external reproduction; the act of copying itself requires permission regardless of audience size or distribution method. This applies to all formats: PowerPoint presentations, training manuals, intranet sites, and e-learning platforms. Even materials used solely for staff training, internal meetings, or restricted-access portals require proper licensing. Many organisations are surprised to learn that their internal medical education programmes, sales training materials, or research repositories require permissions for any third-party content included. The “internal only” myth persists because historically enforcement was challenging – but digital tracking and content identification tools now make discovery of unlicensed use increasingly common.

Important distinction: “Educational use” has specific legal criteria that rarely apply to pharmaceutical company training programmes, medical education initiatives, or any activities within commercial organisations – even when the content itself is educational in nature. Corporate training, regardless of its educational value, is generally considered commercial use and requires appropriate commercial licensing.

3 December 2025

Aaron Reid, Senior Product Manager at CCC, shares his thoughts on this question below.

The majority of STM (scientific, technical and medical) publishers that work with CCC to license their works provide customers with the option of requesting permissions on CCC Marketplace, CCC’s e-commerce website that enables customers to search for and check article content from 24,000+ publishers, or the individual publisher’s website where the customer can request permissions at the article level using RightsLink for Permissions. 

However, not all publishers that offer licensing to their works in CCC Marketplace make their permissions available through RightsLink for Permissions. For these publishers, customers must submit their permissions request through CCC Marketplace or contact the publisher directly, typically via email.

The difference between the two services is that RightsLink for Permissions inquiries begin at the “point of content,” a link from the article hosted on the individual publisher’s website. Whereas CCC Marketplace allows customers to search for and purchase permissions across all participating rightsholders rather than navigating each publisher’s website.Check out the recording of the recent webcast I hosted to learn about the key functionality in Marketplace, including project management features, how to verify article content when requesting permissions, and more.  

27 November 2025

CCC reached out to Dean Martin, Senior Manager—Copyright and Permissions for UK-based Wiley, to share his thoughts on this question.

Reproducing any portion of a figure or table typically requires permission, as copyright protection extends to all parts of original creative works. Whilst some believe using “just part” avoids copyright, even partial reproduction constitutes derivative use requiring authorisation. In my view, the only exceptions are: (1) complete redrawing with substantial transformation that creates genuinely new expression, 2) content explicitly covered by open access licences with attribution (CC-BY, etc.) For pharmaceutical companies using figures or data tables in medical education materials or promotional activities, proper licensing is essential to ensure compliance. I would strongly advise against relying on fair use or fair dealing exceptions without specific legal counsel, as these defences are highly fact-specific, vary significantly by jurisdiction, and rarely apply to commercial pharmaceutical use cases. It’s always best practice to review specific use cases with your legal counsel for guidance.

19 November 2025

Chloe Olore, Educational Program Specialist at CCC, shares her thoughts on this question below.  

Keep in mind that if you are interested in using copyrighted materials, you should check with your company’s legal department first to discuss your intended use case and see what permissions you may need to acquire. AI includes a broad variety of technologies with many applications and potential use cases. Copyright comes into play in a lot of these situations. Here’s an overview of where copyright interacts with the following three main stages of AI.  

• Input: The input stage is when you put (or ingest) the content or data into the system to help train it to perform specific functions. This content is often referred to as “the corpus” and may include scientific journal articles, novels, graphs and charts, or audio-visual works like movies, TV shows, or music. Copyright comes into play because bringing copyrighted works into the corpus can implicate exclusive rights. This is an issue that has received a lot of attention in the press and the courts and is an issue to watch.  

• Copyright and the computer programs powering AI: AI systems are powered by computer programs. Computer programs can be protected by copyright if they are original. Therefore, computer programs involved in AI systems could be protected. As more AI products are introduced to the market, this topic may garner more discussions about copyright protection. 

• Output: The output is the creation of new work(s) by the system. When using AI, you aren’t always producing a work that you would sell or reference on its own but instead are creating things that are then incorporated into a larger work. However, there are times you may produce a complete, new work such as an article or piece of music. In such cases, different copyright questions arise. These questions include whether there’s enough human authorship for there to be copyright protection of the work, and if the output infringes on the copyrights of other works that may be incorporated. 

This is a summary of where copyright comes into play within the different stages of AI, which is just a small part of the discussions around AI. With many questions still in the process of being answered, we must continue to watch the ongoing court cases that involve AI to see how the results may set precedence and inform future laws. 

To stay informed on this complex topic, go to CCC’s AI, Copyright & Licensing resource page and sign up for updates.  

12 November 2025

CCC reached out to Lesley Lansman, Head of Permissions and Licensing at UK-based Springer Nature for her perspective on this question.

Open Access (OA) is not a one-size-fits-all term. It encompasses a range of publication models and licensing frameworks and while the six Creative Commons licenses are among the more widely used, there are other OA licenses available. For example, ones that apply specifically to versions of articles in institutional repositories or academic archives. Similarly, government publications, or works created by government employees as part of their official duties, may be required to be published with minimal restrictions on use or reuse.

Given this diversity, it is important to avoid applying blanket rules to all OA publications, as there may be key differences in permissions around access and reuse.

Most OA licenses support easy public access to view the work typically via publishers’ websites. Simply directing others to the article’s webpage is generally not problematic. However, questions tend to arise when it comes to storing, copying and/or further sharing, and this is where OA license terms diverge. For instance, the CCBY NCND (Attribution Non-Commercial No Derivatives) license allows copying and redistribution in any medium or format, provided the use is non-commercial, the work is properly attributed, and no modifications are made. This means that digitally storing a copy of a CCBY NCND work may require additional permission if done for a commercial purpose.

Alternatively, the CC BY (Attribution) license is more permissive and allows for both commercial and non-commercial reuse, adaptation, and sharing, if attribution is provided and the CCBY license referenced. For OA articles under this license, no further permission would be required to share or reuse the content.

Open Access is an overarching term for publication models that aim to make research widely accessible while allowing for various degrees of permissible reuses. It is important to check the specific license terms attached to any article, identify the nature of your activity (i.e. viewing, adapting, commercial sharing etc.), and ensure your use aligns with the license terms, remembering that attribution is an important requirement of most OA licenses.

5 November 2025

CCC reached out to Kathryn Edwards, Editorial Specialist Lead—Creative, at UK-based Ashfield Medical Communications for her perspective on this question.

My organization uses structured tracking systems to ensure compliance with licensing terms. For each article, we log every instance of distribution, whether digital or physical, using a centralized tracker. We record details such as the intended use, audience size, distribution format, and date of distribution/display. If the license requires ongoing documentation, we update the project record accordingly and generate periodic reports to share with rightsholders and internal compliance teams. These practices ensure transparency and traceability of all article uses.

In addition to the details noted above, the team also records the number of times the content is emailed, displayed (including tracking the number of attendees at a meeting/symposium where the content is shared), and otherwise distributed. Our system includes a dashboard that displays the remaining number of distributions permitted under the license and alerts the team when we are nearing the threshold limit.

 When our clients require documentation and updates, we provide usage summaries that include article titles, license status, and distribution counts. We conduct periodic audits to reconcile actual usage with licensed permissions, especially for high-volume or multi-channel campaigns.

 This approach ensures transparency, compliance, and readiness for any publisher/regulatory reviews or internal audits.

29 October 2025

Our survey found half of MedComms respondents are “sometimes” using AI to create a new work using copyrighted content. Of those respondents, 50% create summaries, a quarter create charts and graphs, and a quarter create slide decks.

The survey also found that 37.5% of MedComms respondents “frequently” use AI to create new works using copyrighted content. Of this group, 67% create charts and graphs, slide decks, and videos while 33% create infographics and summaries.

Only 13% of survey respondents reported “never” using AI to create new works using copyrighted content. To stay up to date on the latest information on AI and copyright, check out CCC’s AI, Copyright and Licensing community.

23 October 2025

CCC reached out to Patrice Skelley, Director, Reprints, Permissions & Pharma Licensing for US-based NEJM, for her perspective.

In my experience, there isn’t typically a need to outline the distribution channel for print reprints. For ePrints (digital reprints), I might ask “how” the ePrint will be used, which helps us identify the most appropriate type of ePrint. I encourage you to include ePrints in as many touchpoints as possible for maximum engagement with the content, regardless of channel. A good starting point for pricing purposes is to share the article details, the format (print or digital), and quantity. With this information, I would be equipped to provide pricing and may also be able to suggest related content opportunities for your consideration.

15 October 2025

Erin Callahan, Senior Director of Information and Content Solutions at CCC, shares her thoughts below.

When requesting copyright permission, it is important to note that a lack of response from the copyright holder does not, under U.S. law, negate the need to obtain permission. In addition, some works may contain materials — text, images and graphics — from multiple copyright holders and may require different authorizations depending upon what element or set of elements you wish to use. The best course of action is to follow up with the rightsholder to secure an answer to your inquiry.

8 October 2025

CCC reached out to Kathryn Edwards, Editorial Specialist Lead—Creative, at UK-based Ashfield Medical Communications for her perspective on this question.  

The responsibility for selecting copyrighted content for Congress presentations typically rests with the healthcare professional (HCP) or presenter. My team and I aim to give presenters full autonomy over the scientific content they include, as they are best placed to decide what content most effectively supports their narrative and clinical insights.  

However, on occasion, the client and the Medical Communications editorial team may interject with suggestions to ensure the presentation is fair, balanced, and aligned with compliance standards. This might involve flagging potential copyright concerns, suggesting alternative sources, or advising on attribution.  

For example, if the tone or emphasis of the content could be perceived as promotional, the client may request revisions to ensure scientific neutrality and compliance with internal and external standards, as well as audience expectations. Further, if a slide heavily references data from a single source, the editorial team might request the inclusion of additional studies to ensure the presentation reflects a balanced view of the evidence base. 

 The MedComms editorial team provides support by reviewing materials for clarity, consistency, and adherence to copyright and fair use guidelines, but does not dictate content choices. The client plays a key role in the final approval of the presentation, typically focusing their review on ensuring the content aligns with corporate, legal, and regulatory expectations, including copyright compliance. While the client does not usually select content directly, they may request changes or clarifications to uphold these standards. 

1 October 2025

Aaron Reid, Senior Product Manager at CCC, shares his insights below. 

Marketplace enables you to search, order, and manage copyright permissions from thousands of publishers in one place, as well as purchase article reprints/ePrints, and documents. You can create MedComms specific projects on Marketplace, add permission requests to the projects, communicate directly with publishers, and manage/purchase licenses all within the project view. To learn more, check out the Marketplace Resource Center and join us for an informational session coming up on 22 October 2025 at 10 a.m. EDT.  

Register Now 

24 September 2025

This question was discussed at CCC’s Permissions Roundtable hosted at Springer Nature’s office in London in May. Some MedComms professionals attending shared that on occasion, with permission from the client and the rightsholder, they use AI to create a new work using copyrighted materials. Share your thoughts on this question by answering our one-question poll. We will share the results in an upcoming Industry Insights.

17 September 2025

Robert Gaggin, Senior Product Marketing Manager, Information and Content Solutions at CCC shares his insights below.

If you have administrative privileges, you can add new users to your organization account in Marketplace. This will enable colleagues to purchase copyright permissions as well as article reprints and ePrints, and content on behalf of your company. Adding users to your organization account allows you to combine activity on a single account and generate consolidated reports. Once you add a new user they will be notified via email that they have been added to the organization and will be prompted to create a password. To learn how to add new users to your organizational account in Marketplace I recommend that you and your colleagues watch this video or read this guide. These resources and more are available on the Marketplace Resource Center.  If you need additional assistance, please take advantage of the Live Chat feature in Marketplace. You can also contact the Marketplace team at support@copyright.com.

10 September 2025

Chloe Olore, Education Program Specialist at CCC, shares her thoughts on this question below. 

One of the primary challenges faced by MedComms professionals revolves around a general lack of understanding regarding copyright laws. Many individuals may not be fully aware of what constitutes copyrighted material and the implications of unauthorized use of using published material in medical communications projects — but there are steps you can take to support your team.  

1. Establish Compliance Policies  

Establishing formal copyright compliance policies within organizations is paramount. These policies should outline guidelines for obtaining permissions, especially when reusing copyrighted material in medical communications projects.  

2. Prioritize Education 

Educating stakeholders about the risks associated with copyright infringement is essential. Emphasizing the potential legal and reputational consequences can encourage adherence to copyright laws and promote a culture of compliance.  

3. Adapt to New Technology  

As artificial intelligence (AI) continues to play a prominent role in various industries, including medical communications, it’s crucial to address copyright implications associated with AI-generated content and using copyrighted materials to train LLMs. Organizations must stay abreast of developments in AI technology and copyright law to mitigate potential infringement risks.  

Learn more about AI, Copyright & Licensing.  

Navigating copyright laws in medical communications requires a comprehensive understanding of copyright basics, diligent compliance efforts, and adaptability to technological advancements. By prioritizing copyright education, implementing robust compliance measures, and fostering a culture of respect for intellectual property, organizations can mitigate risks and ensure ethical and legal content reuse practices.

3 September 2025

CCC recently moderated a panel discussion on best practices and strategies for Medical Affairs teams when acquiring, managing, and disseminating scientific articles and other content to internal stakeholders, as well as sharing content externally, in ways that are copyright compliant. One of the panelists, Sarah Guadagno, Ph.D., the Founder/Principal of 8X Life Science Communications, shared the following insights.  

The first challenge is navigating copyright permissions. “How can I reuse and share scientific information publicly, from the published literature?” is one of the biggest questions. Medical affairs team members often indicate that getting copyright permission and sharing literature can be a challenge and can be an impediment to their work. The second one is efficiently searching for and discovering relevant content, building search terms, figuring out where to search for something, getting relevant results back, etc. The last one is analyzing and synthesizing literature into actionable insights and formats that you can then share internally.  

 Challenges related to search range from “I have to go to lots of different sites and places to search for things,” or “I don’t know exactly how to write a search query that actually reflects what exactly I’m looking for.” When faced with these questions, it’s common for medical affairs professionals to rely on colleagues and even vendors for help if the organization has a tool for organizing literature.   

If your organization does have such a tool, I recommend cultivating a group of super users. This approach helps get people on board with a platform and using it effectively. Sper users will be the ones who know the ins-and-outs of the tool the company has in place, and they can help team members. They’re your built-in experts.  

You can watch a recording of the full Enhancing Collaboration: Streamlining Access to Scientific Literature for Medical Affairs Teams session with Sarah Guadagno and panelist Cassie Singleton, Director, Medical Information, Becton Dickinson (BD) here on the MAPS (Medical Affairs Professional Society) website.  

20 August 2025

Robert Gaggin, Senior Product Marketing Manager, Information and Content Solutions at CCC shares his insights below.

The CCC team introduced project features on Marketplace to help you manage and share details of complex permissions projects with internal teams and clients. for support on how to manage your permissions projects in Marketplace, I would encourage you and your colleagues to watch this video or read this guide. These resources and more are available on the Marketplace Resource Center.  If you need additional assistance, please take advantage of the Live Chat feature in Marketplace. You can also contact the Marketplace team at support@copyright.com.

6 August 2025

For her perspective on this question, CCC reached out to Elizabeth Jennings, a medical communications professional with over 20 years’ experience ensuring compliance with the regulatory framework governing the pharmaceutical industry. 

When it comes to reusing a previously published chart, table or graph (often referred to as ‘standards’), first consult the copyright terms and conditions (T&C) to determine the copyright owner and locate information about the type of permission that applies to reuse of the standard. A thorough read of the T&Cs should make clear what you are and are not free to do with the standard, and who you need to contact if permission is required. When reusing standards, it is best practice not to make assumptions about what you can alter when reproducing the standard. Rightsholders, including journal publishers and congress bodies, often set strict guidelines to protect the copyright owner and the integrity of the standard. Making what you may consider a ‘minor change’ could be viewed by the rightsholder as a significant unauthorized change that breaches their T&Cs. Always check permissions with the rightsholder and be sure to allow enough time to provide all the information they may need to make a licensing decision. It’s also best to consider alternative solutions while you project manage your permissions in case you need a change of plan. 

30 July 2025

Erin Callahan, Senior Director, Information and Content Solutions at CCC, shares her thoughts on this question below.

It’s important to remember that different uses of a work correspond to different rights and each can have a different impact. The rightsholder may make different licensing decisions based on the specific permission requested. In the example you noted, it’s possible the rightsholder may grant permission to include a figure in a presentation but not to include the figure in an internal training slide deck. With that in mind, you  may want to  request permission for the additional reuse noted in your question.  

23 July 2025

Have a question or comment on these findings? Email us with your opinion on this, or a related topic.

9 July 2025

Chloe Olore, Educational Program Specialist at CCC, provides her perspective on this question below.

Most countries have their own copyright laws and requirements. While there is no single unifying copyright law, there are several international treaties that cover copyright law, and the United States has agreed to comply with a number of them.  

The broadest of these agreements is the Berne Convention. The Berne Convention covers several basic copyright concepts like types of rights and prohibits what are called “formalities,” which are requirements that must be met before copyright protection is allowed. Requiring registration for copyright protection is one example of a formality. While the treaties and the implementing laws can be complex, there are three principles that they all have in common:   

1. Territoriality – Each country has its own copyright law and implements treaties separately. There are differences in how countries approach implementation, so you should look at the specific law governing uses in the country the work is created or used in in addition to the treaty language.  

2. National Treatment – A country must treat foreign works and foreign rightsholders no less well than rightsholders and their works in that country.  

3. Minimum Protection – Whatever the treaty states is the minimum standard for copyright protection and for exceptions and limitations to those protections; this means that specific countries might have additional protections and requirements in place, beyond those in a treaty.  

 When using content globally, you should consider both applicable international treaties as well as the national laws of the country where the content is created and will be shared. Also consider the licenses and subscriptions that the company has invested in and, of course, compliance with the company’s copyright policies. All these elements must be factored into any decision about reusing, sharing and/or publishing content internationally.  

25 June 2025

This question was discussed at CCC’s Permissions Roundtable hosted at Springer Nature’s office in London in May. Some MedComm professionals attending shared that on occasion they consider a presentation to be a standalone deliverable rather than a “medical communications project.” Share your thoughts on this question by answering our one-question poll. We will share the results in an upcoming Industry Insights.

18 June 2025

CCC reached out to MedComms professionals to learn whether they have a clear understanding of what projects they will be working on in the coming months.   

The 21 attendees of CCC’s March and May roundtables agreed that they do not know in advance the number and type of permissions they will be charged with securing over the next 12 months. On a related note, 50% of attendees shared that they are provided a list of titles for which they need to secure permissions while 25% are provided with some specific titles and are charged with identifying additionally required content themselves. It is rare that the MedComm agent is provided with a topic and responsible for identifying the needed permissions.

11 June 2025

Erin Callahan, Senior Director, Information and Content Solutions at CCC, shares her thoughts on this question below.   

Rightsholders understand that MedComms professionals and their clients are busy, and they need information when they need it. Consider presenters or authors who include copyrighted content in their work but lack the time and know-how to identify the rightsholder and secure that permission — in many cases, this lack of copyright knowledge means that the MedComm professional managing the project is tasked with hurriedly securing permissions or risking the presenter or author using the content without the necessary permissions.  

Copyright compliance can be forgotten when procuring or using content under tight deadlines. Additionally, users might not understand that what they are doing might be copyright infringement, so it’s helpful to encourage your clients to build in the        necessary time within their projects to secure permissions. 

And while it might be tempting, it’s not enough to simply acknowledge the content creator by including an attribution or citation when reusing content. In most cases, you must secure permission to use copyrighted content. While it can sometimes be difficult to explain to clients the process and costs associated with reusing this content, it’s important to recognize that you should only use legally obtained content and that there are ways to ensure that happens. 

4 June 2025

Erin Callahan, Senior Director of Information and Content Solutions at CCC, provided her thoughts on this question below.

Medical communications professionals are often responsible for developing internal education or employee training for use by their clients. If you find yourself using copyrighted materials for internal education or employee training, you likely need to secure permissions for that reuse. In some cases, your organization may have a license or a subscription agreement that applies to the internal reuse of content. Check the terms and conditions of these agreements to see if your reuse is covered.  

28 May 2025

Kathryn Edwards, Editorial Specialist Lead at UK-based Ashfield Health, shared the tip below when discussing this challenge with fellow MedComm agents and rightsholders attending CCC’s Permissions Roundtable last week, hosted at Springer Nature’s office in London. 

For planning purposes, we are aware of the range of response times by publishers and/or journal titles. I feel like I hit the jackpot when a price is immediately provided through CCC’s Marketplace or RightsLink Permissions. However, the timeline for receiving a price quote can vary for special requests that must be reviewed by the publisher. When I’m on a deadline for an upcoming Congress presentation, it’s helpful to consult the spreadsheet and know out of the gate that I may not receive pricing/permission before the content would be presented. In those cases, it becomes necessary to replace a piece of content with an alternative that I’m confident I will be able to secure permission to reuse by the presentation date.

21 May 2025

Erin Callahan, Senior Director, Information and Content Solutions at CCC shares her thoughts on this question below.  

One of the main goals of Marketplace is to enable MedComms professionals to get copyright permission to reuse article content from multiple publishers in one place. With that goal in mind, we built several ways in Marketplace for users to quickly verify article content — including the associated figures, tables, etc.  

First, search for content for which you need permissions by article title, DOI, ISSN, authors, or publisher. In your search results you will find the article title, list of authors, the article’s DOI, the name and ISSN of the journal, date of the publication, and other bibliographic details.  

If you would then like to view the article to verify you have the right content, click the link on the article DOI in your Marketplace search results. Selecting the DOI link will bring you to the publisher’s website where you can view the article abstract and opt to see the full article. Clicking the PMID or PMCID link will bring you to PubMed or PubMed Central respectively where you can also view the abstract and elect to see the full text article. 

15 May 2025

The rightsholder’s legal team should determine, depending on the specific situation, how and what action may be taken as a next step (if anything) based on the organization’s policies. In certain scenarios, other teams such as Anti-Piracy departments may be brought in to assist in any resolution. 

When faced with these situations, I’ve worked with our legal team to determine the appropriate course of action. To help inform my discussion with the legal team, I provide relevant information about what I know of the situation, such as 

• Information about what original content that was reused 
• How the content was reused 
• Description of where, by whom, when and in what manner the content was reused 

I find that most often people want to do the right thing, and often a licensing solution may exist, and many publishers will be open to working with organizations or individuals to resolve concerns. From understanding how copyright exceptions or limitations apply to appreciating the differences in publication licenses, copyright can be complicated. Again, partnering with legal counsel is key when addressing these matters. Your organization’s enforcement strategy and policies should always guide your response. 

7 May 2025

CCC reached out to Leslie Lansman, Global Permissions Manager at Springer Nature, based in the UK, for her perspective on this reader question.  

If you see you or your organization’s content being reused without permission or being reused in a way that goes beyond the terms of any existing license, you should check with your legal team to determine their general policies and typical responses to handling these types of issues. 

Different companies have different policies in place and it’s important to work with your team to ensure a consistent approach. When you talk to your team, you’ll want to provide them with detailed and relevant information including specifically identifying and describing what content was reused, how you discovered the reuse, details on who reused the content (including information on any affiliated organization), and any other information you think may help explain what happened, how, and why. Screen shots, URL links, or other forms of confirmation regarding the reuse are all extremely helpful. Finally, it is advisable to raise such issues with your legal team as soon as you discover them so that any response may be undertaken in a timely manner. 

By working with your legal department, you help ensure that these types of problematic reuses are analyzed appropriately and handled in accordance with best practices.  

30 April 2025

Tracy Forrester, Manager, Reprint Operations at CCC, shares her perspective below.

A reprint is a professionally produced, commercial quality reprint of a complete scholarly published journal article. The journal article can be customized with a cover page, code or disclaimer, and may be black and white or color. Reprints are produced in bulk quantities and distributed for external use, often for promotional or marketing purposes. A permission request does not involve printing or delivery of material. A permission request is purely clearance of published material to be reused or shared to a wide audience. Permission requests usually stem from customers who would like to share or display a portion of an article, such as a figure, chart or image in a presentation to a large audience.

23 April 2025

CCC reached out to Leslie Lansman, Global Permissions Manager at Springer Nature, based in the UK, for her perspective on this reader question.   

When sending promotional or medical materials by email to external healthcare providers, you may wish to include links to bibliographic references to support your message. However, rules around hyperlinks can vary depending on the jurisdiction. Therefore, it’s always best to reach out to the rightsholder or your organization’s copyright officer or legal counsel for guidance about how your particular use may be treated in your jurisdiction.  That said, here are some considerations to help evaluate your use case:  

• Is the content behind a paywall or a website that requires a subscription to access? In these cases, depending on your use, you may need to acquire additional permission from the rightsholder to share with a wider audience.  

• Be aware of where you are linking to. You should never link to content you know or have reason to believe is a pirated, infringing, or otherwise a copy that was uploaded without the authorisation of the copyright holder. 

• Consider any website terms and conditions. Does the rightsholder require you to provide proper attribution or other identification when linking to their work? You should never share any link in a manner that passes off the content as your own or otherwise implies any untrue affiliation between you and the original publication’s authors or publishers.  

While, depending on your use case, you may be able to hyperlink to content on a webpage, remember, this does not mean you are free to copy and paste the content that appears on the webpage elsewhere without permission. If in doubt, it is advisable to contact the website owner or review the website’s relevant terms and conditions or follow up with your organization’s copyright expert or legal team. 

16 April 2025

Erin Callahan, Senior Director of Information and Content Solutions at CCC, shares her perspective below.

There are differences between referencing and reusing content. In this example, you should be able to talk about the underlying research from the article, build upon that research, and reference the article and its publication without obtaining additional permission from the publisher. You may even describe in detail the way you developed a technical illustration included in the article and share the title of the article with your audience. But, if you want to use the technical drawing in the slides you plan to present to attendees at the conference, and the Copyright Transfer Agreement doesn’t account for that use, you will need to request additional permission from the publisher. 

9 April 2025

CCC reached out to Elizabeth Jennings, Associate Editorial Director at UK-based Lucid, for her perspective.

I have found that this is a journal-specific query. Best practice is to contact the rightsholder. In the future, consider consulting the conference exhibitor and sponsor prospectus and research attendee numbers for the previous year’s event to estimate the potential number of people who will view the content at a conference. I recommend rounding up your estimated audience size to ensure you are in compliance with the granted reuse license. 

2 April 2025

Erin Callahan, Senior Director, Information & Content Solutions at CCC, shares her perspective on this question below.

The general rule is that you should seek permission to use any protectable content when you are not the copyright owner unless a clear copyright exception applies or there’s another agreement in place that would cover the use. This could be the case even if you are an author of the protected work if you have transferred at least some of your rights in the work.

For example, imagine you authored a journal article based on kidney cancer research you conducted, including an original technical drawing of kidney disease progression in that article. You then find a publisher who is excited to publish your work, and you sign a Copyright Transfer Agreement that assigns all of your rights to the publisher while also allowing you to use the article, including the illustration, in your presentations.

If you end up later presenting your research at a conference and want to include the illustration in your slides, which will be shown during your speech and will be distributed to the audience after, you have to look closely at your Copyright Transfer Agreement to see if all of those uses are included. If they are, you can use the article as planned but, if not, you’ll have to get additional permission to use the work for any uses that go beyond what the Copyright Transfer Agreement covers.

26 March 2025

Chole Olore, Education Program Specialist at CCC, shares her thoughts on this question below. 

To be both compliant and effective, medical communications projects require that you can access and share trusted content quickly under the protection of valid and current permission licenses.  Copyright compliance can be forgotten when procuring or using content under tight deadlines, or users might not understand that what they are doing might be copyright infringement, so it’s helpful to encourage your clients to build in the necessary time to secure permissions. In short, the earlier the better to avoid hurriedly securing permissions or risking a presenter or author using the content without the necessary permissions.  

19 March 2025

Erin Callahan, Senior Director of Information and Content Solutions at CCC, shares her thoughts below. 

CCC’s Marketplace receives Open Access information as part of the article data sent by rightsholders. The article search results in Marketplace identify when the article is covered under a Creative Commons Open Access license and includes a link to the Creative Common’s website where you can find more information about the rights the particular license grants. Click here to learn more about the six Creative Common’s licenses.  

12 March 2025

Brian Goode, Senior Product Solutions Manager at CCC, shares his thoughts below. 

CCC introduced the option “Reuse in a Project” to Marketplace and RightsLink for Permissions customers more than five years ago. The “Type of Use” or “TOU” was developed in close collaboration between rightsholders, MedComms professionals, and CCC, at in-person workshops and other events with all parties working through the most common content reuse scenarios. With that said, we recognize that there are gaps we need to address as market needs have evolved. For example, we’ve received numerous requests from rightsholders and MedComm professionals to add an option to indicate that the reused content will be distributed via email. CCC is bringing rightsholders and MedComms professionals 13 May in London to discuss updates to this type of use and others. If you are interested in participating in this in-person event, please reach out to Erin Callahan, Senior Director of Information & Content Solutions at CCC, for more information at ecallahan@copyright.com. 

5 March 2025

Erin Callahan, Senior Director, Information & Content Solutions at CCC shares her perspective on this question below. 

Yes. Content (written or otherwise) found on a website or social media is typically protected by copyright. If you wish to use the content, you must ask permission from the original creator of the material.  As soon as something is written down, it is protected by copyright. In addition to “traditional” works like journal articles and books, everything posted online is protected by copyright if it is original.   

Copyright protects online materials, including social media content, in the same way it protects other works. There is no “implied free license” to take online works like photographs and use them without permission.  Instead, the same concepts apply. Original works, that are recorded in some way, are protected by copyright.   

26 February 2025

Over 43% of respondents reported an equal amount of uncertainty regarding the following topics: 

• How to use published content in presentations at conferences or congresses 

• How to develop internal copyright education and employee training 

• How to use open access (OA) content 

• How to adapt figures/tables/charts to remain copyright compliant  

Adapting figures, a frequent Industry Insights topic, presented the biggest challenge for 20% of respondents while 16% reported that using published content in conference presentations raised the most questions for them. An almost equal number of respondents (15%) said knowing how to compliantly use open access content was their top concern. Just 6% of respondents noted that they struggled most with developing copyright training for their team.  

For guidance tackling these challenges, continue sending your questions to the Industry Insights team and make plans to join us at CCC’s Copyright Basics for Medical Communications complimentary webcast on 26 February, or view the session on-demand.  

19 February 2025

CCC reached out to four MedComms professionals to share their collective anonymous perspective on this question.  

The MedComms professionals CCC spoke to said permissions costs can be exceeded if deemed necessary by the client. The client/speaker often makes the final call as to what content is high priority and approves the additional cost. One respondent explained that she makes certain clients understand that permissions fees can vary from publisher to publisher, and she spends a lot of time answering questions about why that is the case when reviewing the adjusted costs.  

Another MedComms respondent shared that often the client’s annual budget is not fixed. “I often see budgets increase as important articles are published and new campaigns begin,” they said. “It is important for publishers to communicate their publishing strategies to pharmaceutical companies and/or their MedComms partners so they can better plan and anticipate publication of articles that are important to their campaigns.”  

12 February 2025

Chloe Olore, Education Program Specialist at CCC, shares her thoughts on this question below.

In addition to rights, copyright law provides a variety of exceptions and limitations that allow some uses without seeking permission from the rightsholder. The most well-known of these in the United States is fair use, and the similar concept of fair dealing exists in countries like Canada, the United Kingdom, and Ireland. Fair use and fair dealing often come up in areas like research, private study, criticism, or review.  

There is no set formula, but you must consider several factors when trying to determine if something is fair use:   

1. the purpose and character of the new use   
2. the nature of the copyright protected work   
3. the amount and substantiality of the use of the protected work and  
4. the new use’s impact on the market for the copyright protected work.  

As you can see, fair use is a fact-specific determination.  

However, and this is especially important for MedComms professionals, exceptions and limitations established in both fair use and fair dealing do not cover reuse of content for business purposes that compete with the market for the original works. For example, it would NOT be fair use to make copies of publications to make an offline library to share with colleagues. Always check with your editorial department and/or your legal counsel if you think that what you are doing with content is either fair use or fair dealing. They may already have guidance for these situations and can help with specific questions pertaining to your use of copyrighted content. 

5 February 2025

A general lack of understanding of copyright law was the biggest challenge for 44% of respondents while 22% reported that pushback from clients or internal stakeholders on the importance of licensing proved the biggest obstacle. Just 5% of respondents reported the absence of a formal copyright policy as their biggest challenge. However, 35% of attendees shared that they struggled equally with the absence of a formal policy, a lack of understanding of copyright law, and pushback from clients or internal stakeholders.  

For guidance tackling these challenges, attend CCC’s Copyright Basics for Medical Communications complimentary webcast on 26 February or view the session on-demand.  

29 January 2025

Chole Olore, Education Program Specialist at CCC, shares her thoughts on this question below. 

Where to direct permission requests depends on who the rightsholder is for the specific piece of content you want to reuse and there is more than one type of rightsholder. First, the rightsholder could be the original author, which could be an individual person or, when dealing with a work made for hire, a company that employs or commissions the work from an individual. Second, there can be multiple rightsholders for the same work, for example when two authors collaborate and create a joint work. Third, a rightsholder could give some of their rights away while still keeping the rest of the rights. This happens, for example, when someone gives their right to distribute their works in a specific country while keeping the distribution rights in other countries.

A rightsholders may transfer their rights, typically referred to as an assignment of rights, by agreeing to do so in writing. For example, in the MedComms world, authors often enter into Copyright Transfer Agreements with publishers, agreeing to transfer a certain set of rights to the publisher while still being able to make some other, usually more limited, uses of the author’s work.   

22 January 2025

CCC reached out to Leslie Lansman, Head of Permissions and Licensing, Springer Nature, based in the UK, for her thoughts on this question. 

When attribution is required, it is key that the reference is clearly attached to the content being reused.  

How you cite content may be explained in your licence, so you should first check those terms to see how any reused material should properly be attributed.  

Many times, you’ll want to include: 

• For content for which you received direct permission: Author, Title, Journal Details (if applicable), Publisher, Year 

• For content covered by a public licence such as the Creative Commons licences: Author, Title, Journal (if applicable), Publisher, Year, Creative Commons licence type (e.g. CCBY NC ND) 

• For content in the public domain, you may still need to provide a clear reference including Author, Title, Journal (if applicable), Publisher, Year 

In my experience, many rightsholders understand that not all reuse scenarios allow for detailed attribution, so in places likes slide decks, it may be acceptable to condense the citation. For example, only listing the lead author and including et al., or shortening the title of the work (indicated by an ellipse). Before you do this, check the license terms and, if in doubt, ask the rightsholder.  

For example, Springer Nature would expect to see the following citation on a slide: Baker et al, “A core in a star forming disc . . .” Nature Astr., Oct 2024, CCBY 4.0 

If you do include a bibliography or list of citations at the end of the slide deck, it’s essential that each piece of reused content in the deck is clearly and correctly labelled so that the complete reference is easily findable. 

15 January 2025

CCC reached out to Elizabeth Jennings, Associate Editorial Director, Lucid Global in the UK for her thoughts on this question.  

As part of the criteria forming the Terms and Conditions (T&C) for a reuse license, rightsholders often ask for that you specify the intended reuse formats during the quotation process. The rightsholder will decide whether they are separate reuses. As such, it is always best practice to consult with the rightsholder, being upfront and transparent about all intended formats. The T&Cs for a copyright license are typically clear and legally binding, so stepping outside of them with an undeclared format could be problematic. Always carefully check that the detail in the quote, and the T&Cs of your reuse license, reflect your intentions and specific requirements

8 January 2025

For their perspective on this reader questions, CCC reached out to Zoe Preston, Editorial Support Services Manager, at Nucleus Global.

This is a difficult question to address because there could be legal issues that may be governed by a variety of contractual clauses specific to each client. With that said, open and honest dialogue is always the best approach, as it may be a simple misunderstanding of what is required and how copyright law is interpreted in a particular country/region.  If the issue isn’t cleared up through direct conversation with the client, you should talk to your lawyer for advice on how to proceed.  

18 December 2024

For her thoughts on this question, CCC reached out to Elizabeth Jennings, Associate Editorial Director at Lucid Group, based in the UK.    

In this kind of promotional or medical material, or in pre-reads for HCPs prior to a meeting, it is often the case that you may want to include links to bibliographic references. However, rules around hyperlinks can vary to jurisdiction to jurisdiction, therefore it’s always best to reach out to the rightsholder or your organization’s copyright officer or legal counsel for guidance about how your particular use may be treated in your jurisdiction.  

11 December 2024

For his thoughts on this question, CCC reached out to Ben Kennedy, Collections and Permissions Manager at Oxford University Press, based in the UK.    

My opinion is that discussing or making reference to a scientific paper without sharing content/images, generally would not require permission from the rightsholder. However, if any figures/tables/illustrations are shown or reproduced on screen, I advise you to request permission from the rightsholder.  It’s always best to speak to your organization’s copyright officer or legal counsel to get more tailored recommendations on any permissions your specific use may require.  

4 December 2024

CCC reached out to Tracy Forrester, Manager, Reprints Operations at CCC for her perspective.  

Our Reprints and Permissions Services team manage these types of projects every day. We know that preparing for these types of external presentations to wide audiences can be challenging. There are often multiple pieces of content from many sources; even multiple types of uses needed for a single project. Our team is here to help. CCC provides full-service management of complex permissions projects as well as fulfillment of bulk commercial article reprints and ePrints. My team of experienced licensing professionals use CCC Marketplace, RightsLink for Permissions, and work directly with rightsholders to gather permissions costs for your review and approval. We’ve expanded the permissions team in the last year so we can jump in on even more projects on behalf of agencies and life science companies. You can learn more about Reprints and Permissions Services here or feel free to reach out to me directly at reprintsinfo@copyright.com. 

20 November 2024

CCC connected with Robert Gaggin, Senior Product Marketing Manager, Information and Content Solutions at CCC, for his perspective on this question.     

I’m pleased to share that the newly updated Marketplace Resource Center includes training videos and user guides translated into Japanese. Training tools include an overview of Marketplace as well as targeted guidance on: 

• The MedComms Search and Order process 

• Processing and tracking permissions orders using Manage Account 

• Grouping multiple permissions items in a project using the Project Builder tool 

To learn more, visit the Marketplace Resource Center to access the translated video tutorials and quick reference guides.  

13 November 2024

CCC reached out to Kat Edwards, Editorial Specialist Lead-Creative, at Ashfield in the UK, for her perspective on this question.

Last minute changes to content are a reality that we must anticipate. However, my team and I have found it most efficient to wait until we have a solid second draft of a presentation before submitting permissions requests to rightsholders in CCC Marketplace or RightsLink Permissions. At that point in the process, we feel fairly confident that most of the needed permissions are identified. 

We create a tracking spreadsheet and begin to submit requests, knowing that on average 30% of the requests will be “special requests” that will take time for the rightsholders to review to make a licensing and pricing decision. Of course, there will be some changes as the draft progresses to its final stage, but these additions are generally minimal. We can more easily accommodate the few last-minute permissions requests having done the bulk of them at draft two.

6 November 2024

Education Program Specialist at CCC in the US, Chloe Olore, provides her perspective on this question below.

Whether your reuse of materials is internal or external, you want to be sure that you’re respecting the rights of the copyright holder and securing the proper permission to carry out the use you’re planning. When you first find content that you would like to use internally, think about how you’d like to use it. Will it be posted to your employee intranet? Linked or attached to a companywide email?

Once you know the type or types of use you’re interested in, speak with your company’s copyright officers or legal department and see if those uses are covered by any existing licenses or subscriptions your company has in place. If additional permissions are required to use the content in the way you’re planning, your company’s copyright officer or legal team will likely be able to advise you on the next steps to acquire the proper permission to use the materials internally while remaining copyright compliant.

30 October 2024

CCC posed this question to Leslie Lansman, Global Permissions Manager at Springer Nature, based in the UK. Read her perspective below.     

It’s my experience that most permission agreements will include terms requiring the licensee to obtain clearance for any “third-party content.” The Open Access (OA) status of an article does not guarantee that all content within it is also OA; third-party content that may be subject to different copyright restrictions could be quoted or reproduced within any OA publication.  
 
For example, an article published under a Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license may include an image reproduced with permission from another work that is governed by a different set of terms and conditions, such as CC BY-NC-ND or all rights reserved. In these cases, a clear copyright notice should be provided beneath the content (or in a footnote/endnote) to indicate any material for which additional permission may be required, and you would need to seek a license from the appropriate copyright holder to replicate the material in your own work. If in doubt, it is always best to check with the rights holders as to whether any additional permission may be necessary. 

23 October 2024

Chloe Olore, Education Program Specialist at CCC, in the US, provides her perspective on this question.

There are often questions about what percentage of a work can be reused without permission. There is no overarching or set percentages to determine whether or not you need to seek permission from the rightsholder. Instead, this determination depends on the jurisdiction you are in and how you are using the work, among other things. This fact remains the same whether the content in question is a text-based work, image, or any other media. If you plan to redraw or reuse content, you should consult with your legal department to determine the permissions needed.

16 October 2024

CCC connected with Erin Callahan, Senior Director, Information and Content Solutions, for her perspective on this question.     

The STM Permissions Guidelines are a voluntary and reciprocal agreement between participating publishers to reuse limited material from published works for no permission fee. It’s important for MedComms to note that the guidelines do not provide permission to reuse figures for promotional purposes. 

To learn more about the STM Guidelines and how it may be relevant to your use, access a short overview video here. 

9 October 2024

Education Program Specialist at CCC, in the US, Chloe Olore, provides her perspective on this question.    

There are certainly steps you can take to help create an effective copyright compliance program at your company. A great first step is to find out if your organization has a documented compliance policy in place. If they don’t, create one! And if they do, make it a priority to continually review the policy and make updates as needed. The document should be kept current, and every company should have one. 

Another step to take is to proactively communicate the importance of copyright compliance within your company. Make sure employees know where they can read the compliance policy and understand what it means. Educate employees on the risks of infringement and perhaps even make a copyright compliance education or information session a part of your annual employee training.  

Additionally, it’s always encouraged to provide effective licensing solutions for employees, and make sure that those employees understand the license parameters and what it does, and does not, allow them to do.  

2 October 2024

CCC also posed this question to Elizabeth Jennings, Associate Editorial Director at Lucid Group, based in the UK, for her perspective.

It’s important to proactively share information and provide education about emerging permissions challenges.   In that vein, I regularly gather different scenarios my team and I encounter and document how we approached that challenge in a table.   The team reviews that table frequently because the recommended approach to those scenarios can evolve.  There’s a lot of variation between the publishers as well. Clients often ask me to provide clear guidance as to what they can and can’t do when reusing copyrighted content. Unfortunately, it’s difficult to provide definitive guidelines because there’s no one international law guiding reuse of content.  Most often you need to approach permissions questions on a case-by-case basis.  

So, going back to the table of permissions scenarios, we do our best within the scenarios to get as much information into that table as possible to guide the team. I remind my colleagues to check the table each time, rather than assume that what they did last time is going to work for the current case they are handling.  That’s the approach that works best for me. Get those scenarios sorted, document the recommended approach, and think about each reuse case by case. 

CCC connected with Leslie Lansman, Global Permissions Manager at Springer Nature, based in the UK, for her perspective on this reader question. Leslie’s reply follows below. 

One of the reasons I love my job is that copyright is always changing and licensing is always changing, and how people reuse content is ever evolving. We are seeing reuse evolving in hyper drive right now, particularly in areas around derivative uses or adaptation. There are new ways companies are putting published material into new products. Digital services as well, that used to be just one web page and now there’s all kinds of different types of digital offerings and digital services out there.  

So, as a rightsholder, we need to understand the details of these new reuse scenarios. We need to understand how people are reusing this content, how the market is evolving, and what business concerns are out there driving these innovative approaches to content reuse. 

25 September 2024

CCC reached out to Patrice Skelley, Director of Reprints, Permissions & Pharma Licensing at NEJM Group in the USA, for her perspective on this question.

Generally speaking, conference presentations and conference posters are not considered “published” materials at NEJM. For our purposes, the term “publication” typically involves a manuscript published in a scholarly Journal. If figures/charts/graphs (reproduced or modified) are part of the conference presentation or poster and also part of a published or to-be published manuscript, you should always contact the publisher for any rights that may be needed.  The Publisher will be familiar with the terms of the publishing agreement and will be able to share appropriate next steps.

11 September 2024

For her thoughts on this question, CCC reached out to Elizabeth Jennings, Associate Editorial Director at Lucid Group, based in the UK.

Creative Commons used to be seen as a bit of a “safe zone.” Many people equate a Creative Commons license as public domain, and falsely assume they can reuse that content in any way (without limitation) without seeking permission. That is certainly not always the case because there are various types of Creative Commons licenses built on the foundations of copyright law. Some Creative Commons licenses allow the original creator to retain the copyright, but also allow others to copy, distribute, and reuse their work non-commercially.

For medical communications professionals, it’s important to understand how Creative Commons licenses vary and be aware of specific Creative Commons license that allows reuse on a commercial basis, which is where MedComms fits in. Often you can use the licenses named CC-BY, CC-BYSA. You may also be permitted to use content covered by CC-BY-ND but you have to look carefully at that one because it doesn’t allow derivatives or adaptations. And don’t forget that each license requires credit and attributions to be given to the creator. As a general rule, a Creative Commons license does not automatically eliminate the requirement that medical communications professionals seek additional permission.

4 September 2024

For his thoughts on this question, CCC reached out to Ben Kennedy, Collections and Permissions Manager at Oxford University Press, based in the UK.

In itself, data is not copyrightable as it is considered to be factual rather than original work. However, how it is expressed can be covered by copyright – i.e. a chart, table, graphic etc. For example, data on the average height of children in a school year isn’t covered by copyright as it’s just facts but a creative bar chart showing the number of children at each height would most likely be covered.

It’s also worth noting that simply adapting an existing expression of that data, such as changing/adapting a chart slightly, would require permission but expressing the data in a different, new way would not. It can sometimes be difficult to tell whether a new use is sufficiently different enough to the original so we would always advise contacting the rightsholder if there is any doubt. The rightsholder will advise whether permission is required.

28 August 2024

For her perspective on this question, CCC reached out to Patrice Skelley, the Director of Reprints, Permissions & Pharma Licensing at NEJM Group in the USA.  

The publisher will be most familiar with the license terms of the article and can guide you as to any permissions needed for external communications. This guidance would apply to all figures and tables, whether reproduced or modified. 

21 August 2024

Education Program Specialist at CCC, in the US, Chloe Olore, provides her perspective on this question.   

At present, July 2024, there is not a single collective approach or rules surrounding AI, so it cannot be said that disclosing AI-generated content is or is not required in every instance. However, we are starting to see individual sites and companies implementing policies that require AI-generated materials to be identified. So again, there is not an overarching global requirement that calls for this type of disclosure, but this is a discussion being had at a company level so you should reach out to your legal counsel for more guidance.    

14 August 2024

Renee Castro, Senior Permissions and Copyright Coordinator at Envision Pharma Group, provides her perspective on this reader question below. 

Teams can take various proactive approaches to shift the mindset among clients who hesitate to secure copyright permissions. Begin by educating clients about the significance of copyright permissions and the legal ramifications of neglecting to obtain required licenses. I find it helpful to frame the discussion by asking clients to imagine themselves as copyright holders with control over the rights to their content. Remind them that by publishing their materials like journal manuscripts and poster abstracts, depending on the terms of their agreement they may be transferring their exclusive rights to the publisher. Consequently, the new copyright holder gains the authority to license the reuse of their material, typically charging fees to entities like pharmaceutical companies and medical communications agencies, for reuse. I encourage clients to seek advice from their legal teams and copyright experts to understand their specific publishing agreements and how the rights are allocated between the parties and how it may affect the client’s rights to use their content.   

In some cases, to help minimize permissions costs you can:    

• Work with the client to clearly identify their intended use case, e.g., how they want to use the materials.   

• Highlight the availability of content within the public domain or under Creative Commons licenses, which permit certain reuses at no cost.   

• Encourage clients to adopt a proactive approach to data publication in journals, including awareness of journals that operate under Creative Commons licenses. Educate clients about the various reuses permitted under such licenses and any conditions that come with the specific Creative Commons license they are utilizing, enabling informed decisions post-acceptance.  

• Emphasize the distinction between data reuse and the copyright protection afforded to the presentation of data.   

7 August 2024

CCC reached out to Erin Callahan, Senior Director, Information and Content Solutions, for her perspective on this question.    

There are a few questions to address here. For permission to reuse content in a MedComms project, the questions presented to the buyer are standardized across rightsholders in both Marketplace and RightsLink for Permissions. Rightsholders and MedComm professionals worked with CCC to develop these questions to ensure consistency and efficiency across channels and projects.    

However, RightsLink for Permissions is a bit different. Rightsholders can customize the questions/drop down menus presented to buyers in RightsLink. These questions are driven by the rightsholder and are not subject to a “legal guideline” or requirement. Rightsholders are free to determine what information they collect to determine whether to grant a permissions request and the cost of that permission.    

31 July 2024

Julie Halfacre, Manager at BMJ Publishing Group Ltd., provides her perspective on this reader question below. 

Navigating the reuse rules associated with the different Creative Commons licences can be confusing. When content is published under a CC-BY-NC licence it allows reuse, copying, distribution and adaptation of the original work without the need to apply for permission for non-commercial purposes only, provided that you provide an attribution to the original creator. 

A permission licence is required for all commercial uses. BMJ and our fellow STM publishers define “commercial use” as anything that gives commercial advantage.  For our pharmaceutical MedComms customers that also includes delivering educational material to healthcare practitioners. When in doubt, please contact the publishers’ permissions team directly to check.

24 July 2024

CCC reached out to Ben Kennedy, Collections and Permissions Manager, Oxford University Press, for her perspective on this question.   

For in-person events, I advise using the maximum capacity of the room/auditorium to estimate the potential number of attendees. Taking this approach will ensure the license covers the reuse. For satellite symposiums with both in-person and remote attendees, be sure to include both attendee groups when clearing permissions. Estimating virtual numbers can be challenging, especially if pre-registration information isn’t available. I recommend using historical attendee data as a guide. If actual attendee numbers are higher than anticipated, contact the rightsholder with the final numbers. The rightsholder can consider issuing an amendment to the permission.

17 July 2024

CCC reached out to Natalie Qureshi, Global Permissions Manager at Elsevier, located in the UK, for her perspective on this question.    

My advice is to request the information from the journal’s contact person at the point of article submission to the journal. If print circulation is not available, my perspective is that the number of downloads would be an appropriate alternative statistic to share with the rightsholder when requesting permission as most journals are now available in print and online. 

10 July 2024

CCC reached out to Renee Castro, Senior Permissions and Copyright Coordinator at Envision Pharma Group, a global organization, for her perspective on this reader question. Renee’s reply follows below.

A single congress presentation, shared in various formats, requires a permission for each format. For example, in the case of a hybrid presentation, I would seek permission for both live and virtual reuse. Many publishers understand that congress presentations might end up on websites after the event and uploading to a congress website is most often considered an additional form of reuse, which could potentially impact permission costs. Since publishers have varied policies regarding reuse, each one must be informed about the extent of content reuse to appropriately price the permission.

For publishers using CCC’s permissions channels, either RightsLink for Permissions or Marketplace, users have the option to select various formats for content display, such as “reuse in a digital presentation” and “posting on an unrestricted website” under the “medical communications” type of use. However, for publishers with their own permission processes, you will likely need to manually provide this detail to ensure they’re aware of website postings.

3 July 2024

CCC reached out to two MedComm professionals representing different agencies (MC1, MC2) for their perspective on this rightsholder question. Due to the sensitive nature of the question, we’ve provided their anonymous feedback below.    

MC1: In our approach, we begin with the Master Services Agreement (MSA) established with clients. If the MSA states that the client is responsible for obtaining licenses to use any copyrighted materials, we advise during the content development stage when and how such permissions should be sought but obtaining the relevant license(s) is handled by the client. If a request is made for us to manage the permissions to use copyrighted materials, the budget would be adjusted accordingly to account for anticipated permissions costs.  

 MC2: In my work, permission costs are either:   

 1. Specifically excluded in the budgets/pitches we provide to clients. We explain that permissions fees would be in addition to the estimated budget, especially when we don’t know how many permissions will be needed.  

 2. Included in budgets as an assumption (estimated number of permissions multiplied by an average cost). We inform the client that costs can vary widely depending on publisher, adaptations, and final use. 

26 June 2024

CCC reached out to Erin Callahan, Senior Director, Information and Content Solutions, for her perspective on this question.  

For the vast majority of rightsholders who offer permissions for reuse of content in a MedComm project, including conference presentations, the questions you must answer are standardized in Marketplace and RightsLink for Permissions. When seeking permission to use content in a presentation, be prepared to provide the following information: 

• The name of the conference  
• Projected number of attendees
  • We recommend looking at the attendee numbers for the previous years’ event as an indicator. And let the rightsholder know that is how you’ve estimated the audience size—sharing the reasoning will be helpful  
• The structure/format for the event  
  • Is it a live, virtual, or hybrid event?  
• And how the presentation may be shared after the live event And how the presentation may be shared after the live event   
• Will the deck including the copyrighted content be distributed to attendees after the conference? Will a recording of the presentation be available? Will it be posted on a secured or unsecured website?     

19 June 2024

For her perspective on this question, CCC reached out to Elizabeth Jennings, Associate Editorial Director at Lucid Group, based in the UK. Liz’s reply follows below.   

I think there are three aspects to this question; the first is about who owns the copyright now it’s been published; second, is it just the data that the researcher wants to use? This begs the question, “Can the data itself be copyrighted?”; the third is about the creative expression of the data.      

So, who is the copyright holder? Once published, the rights are often (but not always) transferred to the publisher. This needs to be checked with the rightsholder – this must be followed up through their permissions route. Can data be copyrighted? Technically, no – individual data, as a factual piece of information, is not copyrightable; however, the creative expression of facts can be. For example, average temperatures in London may not be copyrightable as facts, but a specific graphic using illustrations to represent each numeric temperature may be copyrightable because it’s an original creative expression of those facts. To be safe, my advice is to follow the pathway that yes, permission would need to be sought from the publisher. 

12 June 2024

Chloe Olore, Education Program Specialist at CCC, provides her perspective on this reader question below. 

Yes, copyright regulations differ between countries. All countries have their own copyright laws and requirements; there is no one international copyright law.  There are, however, several international treaties that cover copyright law. These international treaties encourage reasonably coherent protection of copyright from country to country. They set minimum standards of protection which each signatory country then implements within the bounds of its own copyright law. 

This means that, when using content globally, you must consider both applicable international treaties as well as the national laws of the country where the content is created and will be shared. Also consider the licenses and subscriptions that a company has invested in and, of course, compliance with the company’s copyright policies. All these elements must be factored into any decision about reusing, sharing and/or publishing content internationally. 

If you’d like to learn more about these treaties, please visit our copyright education page on International Copyright Treaties.  

Please consult with your organization’s legal counsel about the copyright policy in your country and how that policy may vary in different countries. 

5 June 2024

CCC reached out to Elizabeth Jennings, Associate Editorial Director at Lucid Group, based in the UK, for her perspective on this reader question. Liz’s reply follows below.  

As strategic partners, our clients expect us to be diligent. It’s essential that we, as medical communications professionals, proactively communicate and have a clear understanding of policies that may affect our work and the partners we work with. In this scenario, I would try to arrange a conversation with my client and a member of the company’s legal team to discuss the definition of “redraw” and how to apply the guidelines to the specific use case while ensuring that we remain compliant with copyright law and any other limitations. It can take a little courageous curiosity, but these discussions can result in an amendment to the initial guidance from the client, and even a company refresh on copyright basics!     

29 May 2024

Chloe Olore, Education Program Specialist at CCC, provides her perspective on this reader question below. 

One of the core principles of copyright is that different uses of a work correspond to different rights. The different reuses have different impacts, which means the rightsholder usually makes different decisions based on the specific permission requested. The type of use, duration, sharing method and audience size are all factors that will affect the type of permission required.  

For instance, acquiring permission to reuse an article as part of documents being submitted to the FDA is a different type of reuse than publishing the article in a quarterly external newsletter. The permission that was, hypothetically, granted to reuse the article in an FDA doc does not also automatically grant additional permissions to reuse that article in a newsletter, mailing or any other different type of reuse. 

22 May 2024

CCC connected with Leslie Lansman, Global Permissions Manager at Springer Nature, based in the UK, for her perspective on this reader question. Leslie’s reply follows below. 

Whether you create a digital copy or redraw a piece of content by hand, you are making a reproduction of someone else’s work. It is a false myth that you can ‘escape’ copyright by changing a few things around. Whenever you copy a work, or any portion of a work, whether it’s a figure, table, text extract, or audio/visual content, you have to deal with copyright guidelines. Adding, changing, or deleting even just a few elements of a protected work does not change the fact that you need to seek permission to reuse that content. The right to modify the material belongs to the rightsholder.    

Certain types of content, such as tables, may contain individual pieces of data (i.e. facts) that may not receive copyright protection; however, the selection and arrangement of that data in the table potentially may be copyright (or database) protected. Generally, I recommend that if you reuse the same selection and arrangement of data, you should seek permission.   

You should also never presume that supplementary material is not under copyright protection. Any literary work including abstracts, technical reports, compilations, graphs, manuals, footnotes, or software may be protected by copyright and it is always best to ask permission before reproducing such materials. If you need to adapt or modify published content, or if you have questions as to whether a particular element is protected by copyright, it is important to raise these concerns with the publisher.   

Quick Tip: If placing a request to modify (i.e. change any element/transfer to a different format/translate) and reuse content:  

• Be sure to understand why the content is being modified and by whom so you can clearly discuss your intended use case with the rightsholder. It is important you explain to the publisher that any modification is not intended to change the meaning of the original work. Explain to the rightsholder the modifications made and the reason for those modifications.    
• Be prepared to identify what is original versus what has been altered. 

15 May 2024

Brian Goode, Sr. Product Solutions Manager at CCC, provides his perspective on this question below. 

When working on projects that involves multiple permission requests, it’s helpful to use the project tools now offered in CCC Marketplace for license options such as “reuse in a medical communications project.”  This workflow allows customers to describe their project details once and apply them to each item for which permissions are required.  The project tools help manage permissions requests from multiple rightsholders in one view, making it easier to track the cumulative cost of purchased licenses, check the status of items whose requests are being reviewed by the rightsholder (usually the publisher), etc. I encourage you explore the Marketplace Resource Center to view the Project Builder tutorial and other videos. 

8 May 2024

CCC reached out to Elizabeth Jennings, Associate Editorial Director at Lucid Group, located in the UK, for her perspective on this reader question. Liz’s reply follows below.   

These are murky waters! I would advise clients against redrawing a figure without first consulting the rightsholders. Although there aren’t universal guidelines, it’s fair to assert that tracing a figure is not permitted in most cases. If your client insists on redrawing, talk to the rightsholder, then send the proposed redrawn figure to them, along with the reuse details, for review. The rightsholder will determine whether the reuse requires permission.      

1 May 2024

Chloe Olore, Education Program Specialist at CCC, provides her perspective on this reader question below. 

While there is no overarching rule for every situation, in my opinion, redrawing a creative figure, table or infographic simply to avoid the copyright permissions process is not advisable. 

24 April 2024

CCC reached out to Leslie Lansman, Global Permissions Manager at Springer Nature, based in the UK, for her perspective on this reader question. Leslie’s reply follows below. 

When reproducing content online, the content is potentially available to anyone anywhere with internet access. Therefore, it is my view that ‘worldwide’ is the most suitable response when specifying the area of distribution in a license for content posted on the open internet. However, in some cases, access to the content may be limited. It may be shared on an internal server available only to employees in a certain location, geo-blocked or otherwise “locked” behind a password. In such a scenario, a publisher may offer limited rights. If you plan to limit access, be sure to inform the rightsholder the location of the limited audience for the content. If in doubt, always check with the publisher.   

17 April 2024

Chloe Olore, Educational Program Specialist at CCC, provides her perspective on this inquiry below.

If you have content that you would like to reuse, ask yourself the questions below to make sure the permission you request will cover your intended reuse.

• Where did the content come from? What do you want to do with the content? The type of use, the duration, sharing method and audience size are all factors that will affect both the type of permission, as well as the pricing.
• Do your due diligence. If you came across an image from a source that allows for user uploads or user generated content (e.g., social media sites, Google Images, certain stock photo or video sites, etc.) double check the source of the image. Sometimes the uploader or source of an image may not be the proper rightsholder. It is recommended to always make sure you’re getting content from a known entity or legitimate source.

Gathering this type of information up front will help to ensure you’re requesting the appropriate permission for your intended use.

10 April 2024

CCC reached out to Leslie Lansman, Global Permissions Manager at Springer Nature, based in the UK, for her perspective on this reader question. Leslie’s reply follows below. 

Publishers work across the landscape of educational and non-profit entities providing licenses for the reuse of their content in everything from classrooms to theses. You should always reach out to the licensor to discuss what permission may be required.   

That said, the commercial degree of reuse may affect what type of license is necessary as well as any associated fees, so it is important to understand to what extent a particular reuse is commercial. The nature of the user is not the only factor when determining if something is non-commercial: governmental, non-profit, and for-profit organizations may all engage in commercial reuse of published material. What matters to the rightsholder is how the content is being reused and in what context.   

Rather than thinking of commercial versus non-commercial uses, I find it helpful to think of a sliding scale where reuses motivated by highly commercial interests (i.e., marketing a new drug) exist on one end, and reuses motivated by less profit-making interests (i.e., supporting non-branded medical education) on the other. It’s important to understand the nuances of these use cases. If a non-profit medical educational organization wishes to reuse a graphic in a continuing education course, the rightsholder will likely want to understand the MedComms/pharmaceutical partner’s involvement in the course creation and promotion.  What is the MedComms client’s purpose for the reuse and the goal of the course? The more details supplied to publisher, the better the publisher can ensure correct licensing practices are followed.

3 April 2024

Elizabeth Jennings, Associate Editorial Director at Lucid Group and Chloe Olore, Education Program Specialist at CCC provide their perspectives on this reader question below.    

Liz: The terms and conditions received as part of the license should specify this. If you want to specify an audience size, this option is available and is sometimes the more cost-effective option. Be mindful that the details you enter into the request last for the life of the license so if you specify one type of use, you are tied to this and can’t reuse the standard in other projects without securing additional permissions to do so.  

Chloe: Duration and audience size are two separate concepts.  A main principle of copyright is that the rightsholder of a work has the right to authorize or prohibit certain types of uses of their work. If a rightsholder wants to keep their rights but let people use them in a more limited manner, they can license use of their works for certain purposes.   

In these licenses, the rightsholder can set the conditions for how copyrighted content can be used in most cases, and can decide how much the use will, or will not, cost. Different uses of a work correspond to different rights and can have different impacts, which means the rightsholder usually makes different decisions based on the specific permission requested. Another factor in a reuse situation like this is whether the audience in question is internal or external, most licenses will specify between those two types of sharing as well. There could be a license that allows for an audience of any size under their terms and conditions, but it cannot be presumed that will always be the case.   

27 March 2024

CCC reached out to Leslie Lansman, Global Permissions Manager at Springer Nature, based in the UK, for her perspective on this reader question:

Insight:  I advise that you consider copyright implications whenever you reuse someone else’s created content. Sharing a copy amongst co-workers or colleagues is a type of reuse and will often require permission. If so, I recommend gathering answers to the following questions and sharing that information with the rightsholder when you request permission to reuse content for internal use:

• How is the content going to be shared internally? (Email, internal network, cloud storage, etc.)
• What measures are in place to ensure the content is not publicly disseminated?
• Will the content be available for download?
• How will you inform employees that the content is not for wider dissemination?
• Will the content be stored indefinitely?
• Is the content being used as an internal resource or as part of a one-off event (e.g., internal training).

4 March 2024

CCC reached out to Elizabeth Jennings, Associate Editorial Director at Lucid Group, located in the UK, for her perspective on this reader question. Liz’s reply follows below.

This is a common and sensitive scenario. I find clients are more often unaware of copyright requirements rather than attempting to circumvent them. My approach is to share with clients a concise presentation that explains basic copyright law and details why it is important to follow these regulations. I include in the presentation some common myths about content reuse that I have encountered over the years. I then dispel those myths in concise language and walk through steps the client can take to ensure compliance. I recommend that you also highlight the potential challenges the client and your agency could face if copyright requirements are not followed.

For help developing resources to broaden your clients’ understanding about copyright, I encourage you to listen to a webcast I participated in with a fellow medical communications professional, experienced rightsholders, and CCC’s General Counsel. The discussion delves into common myths about reuse in medical communications. You and your clients can also get a good overview of basic copyright law by listening to CCC’s complimentary educational webcast, Copyright at Work.

4 March 2024

CCC reached out to Elizabeth Jennings, Associate Editorial Director at Lucid Group, located in the UK, for her perspective on this reader question. Liz’s reply follows below. 

I advise you to secure quotes for all content (text, graphs, etc.) that the presenter anticipates they may want to include in the final presentation as early in the process as possible. Once the presentation is finalized, you can filter out what you don’t need and move forward with securing the permission you do need. CCC’s Marketplace project workflow is a great way to gather the quotes, put them on hold, and then remove the unneeded requests before purchasing the permissions for the final presentation. It is much more efficient to act on the held quotes when the deck is finalized. In my experience, in most cases, you will receive an invoice for the purchase within 48 hours, most rightsholders consider the invoice date as the start date for license coverage. If you’ve discussed a specific arrangement with the rightsholder, you may wish to get their confirmation in writing. 

4 March 2024

Chloe Olore, Education Program Specialist at CCC, provides her perspective on this reader question below.

Copyright doesn’t protect works created only by machines or mere mechanical processes that operate randomly or automatically without a human’s creative input. As the US Copyright Office has explained, “the crucial question is ‘whether the ‘work’ is basically one of human authorship, with the computer [or other device] merely being an assisting instrument, or whether the traditional elements of authorship in the work were actually conceived and executed not by man but by a machine.” In its explanation, the Copyright Office specifically called out medical imaging produced by x-rays, ultrasounds, MRIs, or other diagnostic equipment as falling into this unprotectable category. Please keep in mind that copyright guidelines vary from country to country.

4 March 2024